FLORA: Sustainable and healthy food solutions

Sustainable and healthy food solutions: system dynamics and trade-offs

ABOUTTEAMNEWSPUBLICATIONS

Flora will hire a postdoctoral researcher in 2026, keep an eye on this site and social media for announcement.


Food systems are crucial to end hunger, but also to mitigate and adapt to climate change, to protect and restore biodiversity, to ensure human health and well-being, to end poverty, and to support sustainable communities. While hunger has receded, food systems are causing increasingly severe damage to our environment and health.

The FLORA project (“Sustainable and healthy food solutions: system dynamics and trade-offs”) will contribute to a transformation of global agri-food production, trade, and consumption necessary to achieve sustainable and healthy food systems.

The project will create essential evidence to identify and implement the shifts in practices and behaviours needed to effectively achieve this transformation, by:

  • making a diagnosis of the integrated health and environmental outcomes of food systems globally, from the production and consumption perspectives, with innovative measures of sustainability,
  • identifying key threats and opportunities with system dynamics and complex network analyses, and
  • targeting and evaluating tailored solutions with an interdisciplinary modelling framework.

The project will enable the identification of most effective, targeted solutions by considering trade-offs, synergies, and dynamics of key food systems components. Global in scope, it sets the ambitious goal to overcome barriers in current approaches by taking a systemic approach and establishing a robust, interdisciplinary framework supported by empirical advancements to tackle complex food systems challenges.

FLORA is funded by a Starting Grant from the European Research Council and led by Carole Dalin, senior researcher in the Department of Geosciences at ENS-PSL.

Carole Dalin, PI

Carole is a CNRS Researcher at the Laboratoire de Géologie of Ecole normale supérieure. She is interested in quantifying the environmental sustainability of food systems at the global scale. She focuses on the impacts of crop and livestock production on water resources, biodiversity and climate change. Carole is also Associate Professor in Sustainable Food Systems at the University College London (UK), where she has held a faculty position since 2016. Previously, she worked on climate and the water-energy-food nexus in southern Africa at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate and Environment at the London School of Economics (UK). She obtained her Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering and Water Resources at Princeton University in 2014, on international virtual water trade.

Belén Benítez, PhD student

Belén holds a bachelor’s degree in agricultural sciences and an MSc in environmental hazards and risk management from the Université Côte d’Azur (Nice, France). Belén’s past experiences have fueled her interest in understanding how land use change impacts food production and how food systems work at the expense of environmental degradation. This has led her to embark on this journey toward a Ph.D.

Her research is an integral part of the FLORA project, and her thesis work focuses on Global-Scale Data Analysis and Modeling of the Environmental and Health Outcomes of Agri-Food Production and Trade. She aims to analyze different environmental sustainability indicators of food, their trends over time, and evaluate how these indicators are related. Moreover, she aims to project these indicators in the context of future climate change scenarios, understanding how they could be affected considering climate change projections.

Marcellin Guilbert, post-doctoral researcher

Marcellin Guilbert holds a PhD in climate science from Sorbonne Université, where his research centered on analyzing the responses of the Indian and Sahelian monsoons to anthropogenic forcing, focusing on the uncertainties in the projections for the latest generation of climate models. Fueled by a previous experience in environmental impact assessment through a mission for the United Nations, he now uses his experience working with large datasets and advanced analysis techniques to develop indicators of the impact of the global food systems. More specifically, his main mission within the project is to add a biodiversity impact indicator, extend the evaluation of all indicators over time and confront them with environmental limits in order to assess the sustainability of the global food system.

Jasmine Gamblin, post-doctoral researcher

Jasmine Gamblin received her training at École polytechnique and ETH Zürich, specialising in mathematical modelling and data science with a focus on biological applications. She completed her PhD at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB) at Collège de France, where her research centred on analysing genomic data to develop a stochastic model of gene exchange within bacterial species.
Driven by a deepening interest in the sustainability and nutritional security of food systems, Jasmine is currently leveraging her data analysis expertise to study the indicators developed for the FLORA project. She investigates existing and potential synergies and trade-offs between these indicators and those related to nutritional security. Additionally, she is examining the resilience and vulnerabilities of the global food trade network.

Corinne Kowalski, project manager

Corinne holds a Bachelor’s degree in Law from Université Panthéon-Sorbonne and a Master’s degree in European Studies from Université Sorbonne Nouvelle. She has over ten years of professional experience working at the intersection of public policy, climate change and sustainable development. She first worked in Paris, where she managed and contributed to research projects exploring the links between public health, climate change and environmental policy. She then spent five years in Berlin, leading and supporting a wide portfolio of complex climate and energy projects, including work on renewable energy transitions, climate finance and international climate negotiations. Her work has involved close collaboration with governmental, academic and civil society actors across Europe, Africa and Asia.

Former team members

Charlotte Janssens, visiting researcher

Charlotte Janssens is a researcher in Agricultural Economics at the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium. She has obtained her PhD in Bioscience Engineering from KU Leuven in 2022. During her PhD, she collaborated with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) on the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) model and visited the Department of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to study international trade and climate extremes.

Charlotte currently holds a postdoctoral fellowship from Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) for the project “Modelling of agricultural markets and market impacts across spatial and temporal scales: Application to climate change scenario studies” (2023 – 2026). Within the fellowship, she is spending the academic year 2023-2024 in France as a visiting researcher at ENS in the Department of Geosciences and at INRAE in the Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (PSAE) Joint Research Unit. Her postdoctoral research agenda focusses on the development of economic and interdisciplinary quantitative models to study the linkages between agricultural trade, climate change, and food security on regional and global scales. 

Isabella Ghirardo, MSc student (visiting)

Isabella graduated with a Bachelor degree in Environmental and Land engineering from Politecnico di Torino (Italy). She is pursuing a Master degree in the same field but with a focus on Climate Change, developing a master thesis that aims to show the changes in agricultural crops as a result of climate change.

Her analysis gets deep into the topic of salinity and how it is increasing consistently due to changes in ocean levels and subsequently penalizing some coastal areas and nearby crops by infiltrating soil water and water used for irrigation.

In this regard, she is currently doing a period of visiting in Paris, at the Ecole Normale Superieure in the department of Geosciences to investigate the topic from the point of view of sustainable water use and therefore possible estimates of water demand and water debt as a result of salinity in agriculture.

In this regard, she has been visiting the department of Geosciences at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris from September 2023 to January 2024 to investigate the topic from the point of view of sustainable water use and therefore possible estimates of water demand and water debt as a result of salinity in agriculture.

4-8 May 2026 – FLORA at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly
The FLORA team presented several new results at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2026 in Vienna.
Three contributions were presented during a dedicated PICO session on global agriculture and environmental sustainability:

  • How far are global croplands from environmental sustainability: from production to consumption perspectives (presented by Marcellin Guilbert & Carole Dalin)
  • Consumption-based GHG footprint of global food systems (2000–2020) (presented by Belén Benítez, Bertrand Guenet & Carole Dalin)
  • Characterisation of global cropland bright spots (presented by Jasmine Gamblin, Marcellin Guilbert, David Makowski & Carole Dalin)

Together, these presentations showcased complementary perspectives developed within the ERC FLORA project, ranging from environmental sustainability indicators for croplands to consumption-based greenhouse gas accounting and the identification of agricultural “bright spots” worldwide.
In addition, Isabella Ghirardo, Carole Dalin and collaborators presented new work on “Modeling Coupled Impacts of Soil Salinity and Hydroclimatic Stress on Irrigation Demand”, investigating how interacting environmental pressures may affect future irrigation requirements.
The meeting provided an excellent opportunity for the FLORA team to exchange with the international Earth system science community and discuss new collaborations.

22 March 2026 – Carole Dalin interviewed for World Water Day
On the occasion of World Water Day (22 March), Carole Dalin shared insights on the crucial links between water resources, food systems and planetary health.
Drawing on her research within the FLORA project, she discusses the central role of agri-food systems in shaping water security and environmental sustainability, highlighting the need to consider the interconnections between human health, ecosystem health and the sustainable management of water resources.

3-5 March 2026 – FLORA at the Water Science Conference in Venice
Carole Dalin participated in the Water Science Conference organised by the CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change and hosted by the Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti in Venice. Bringing together leading researchers in hydrology, climate and sustainability sciences, the conference explored current challenges at the interface of water resources, climate change and society.
Carole presented a talk entitled “Water at the core of human–nature interactions”, highlighting the central role of water in shaping sustainable agri-food systems and planetary health. Her presentation explored the complex interconnections between water resources, food production and environmental sustainability, themes that are at the heart of the FLORA project.

Spring 2026 – Two Master’s students join the FLORA Team for their research dissertation
During the second semester of the 2025–2026 academic year, the FLORA project welcomed two Master’s students from the École normale supérieure (ENS) and AgroParisTech for research internships.
Souheila Mgaieth joined the team from February to June 2026 to work on developing scenarios for bringing the global food system back within planetary boundaries. Her dissertation focused on exploring pathways for transforming global food systems while simultaneously addressing environmental sustainability and food security objectives.
Nelly Bergounhon joined the project from February to August 2026 to conduct a multi-dimensional assessment of the sustainability of global food systems. Her work combined a review of the scientific literature with the selection and preparation of socio-economic indicators, such as food affordability, alongside nutritional health indicators (including dietary quality and disease prevalence) and environmental indicators, such as biodiversity impacts, nitrogen pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Her dissertation contributed to the development of an integrated framework for assessing the sustainability of food systems across multiple dimensions. The FLORA team is delighted to welcome Souheila and Nelly and wishes them every success in their research.

11-12 December 2025 – FLORA contributes to IPSL’s 30th Anniversary Conference
As part of the 30th anniversary of the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Carole Dalin participated in a public panel discussion on the links between climate, agriculture and human health.
Her presentation examined how climate change is reshaping agri-food systems through increasing pressure on land and water resources, with a particular focus on the environmental impacts of livestock production and feed systems, and their implications for human health. The discussion highlighted the need to accelerate transitions towards more sustainable agricultural practices, including agroforestry, crop rotations and greater reliance on plant-based proteins.
The session, held at the Collège de France alongside Florence Habets, Gonéri Le Cozannet and Antoine Séjourné, emphasized the interconnected challenges linking climate, water, food systems and public health, reinforcing the importance of integrated approaches such as those developed within the FLORA project.

November 2025Belén Benítez participated in FairCarboN conference in Le Croisic. From 3 to 5 November 2025, the conference brought together researchers working on carbon cycles and nature-based solutions. As part of the event, she presented a scientific poster showcasing her recent work, “Attributing gridded land-use-change emissions to agricultural commodities from 2000 to 2020.” 

November 2025Flora has hired Corinne Kowalski as Project Manager to support the Sustainable Food Systems research team at ENS-PSL. She will contribute to the coordination and overall development of the project.

June 2025Flora is hiring a Chargé·e de projets environnement (F/H)

April 2025Flora is presenting its work at the EGU General Assembly:

  • Carole Dalin is co-convening the session HS3.5 “Innovative Approaches in Hydroinformatics and Stakeholder Engagement for Managing Hydrological Extremes in Diverse Basins”, taking place on Friday May 2 from 10:45-18:00 (orals in room 2.17, and posters 14-15:45)
  • Carole Dalin will give an invited talk about “Water and food: sustainability of global agricultural systems and their impacts on water resources and aquatic biodiversity” in the session HS5.3.1 “Water resources policy and management – balancing the water, food, energy and environment nexus for resilient water systems under global change” taking place on Wednesday April 30 afternoon & Thursday May 1st morning)
  • Marcellin Guilbert will present his work “How far are food systems from sustainability?” in the session BG8.6 “Agroecosystem assessment and indicators from farm to continent to improve sustainability”
  • Belén Benitez will present a poster “Attributing gridded land use change carbon emissions to crop and grass production from 2000 to 2020” in the session BG3.2 “Land use, land management, and land cover change (LULCC) and their effects on the Earth system”

January 2025Flora has hired Jasmine Gamblin, postdoctoral researcher in data analysis of global food systems and their impacts to join the Sustainable Food systems research team at ENS-PSL.

December 2024The FLORA project is featured in this report of ERC-funded research on transformative change.

November 2024Belén Benítez presented her work through a poster “Attributing Gridded Land Use Change Carbon Emissions to Crop and Grass Production from 2000 to 2020” at the “Journées Annuelles 2024 FairCarboN” that took place in Sète, Occitanie, from November 25th to 27th, 2024.

November 2024Interview (in French) with Carole Dalin, FLORA project PI : «La crise environnementale est grave, mais elle n’est pas une fatalité»

February 2024Flora has hired Marcellin Guilbert as a postdoc to join the Sustainable Food systems research team at ENS-PSL for 2-3y to develop high-resolution, environmental and socio-economic data to measure progress towards sustainability and health goals.

December 2023Flora has hired Belén Benítez as a PhD student to join the Sustainable Food systems research team at ENS-PSL. She will focus on Global-Scale Data Analysis and Modeling of the Environmental and Health Outcomes of Agri-Food Production and Trade.

PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES
2026

Key crops for processed foods have spatially variable biodiversity impacts not captured in other environmental impact indicators
Pamatat, F., Outhwaite, C.L., Molotoks, A., Dalin, C. et al. (2026)
Scientific Reports, 16, 5450, doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34850-2

Assessing trade-off risk between crop production and vertebrate biodiversity in three African countries
Chapman, A.S.A., Adanu, S.K., Dalin, C., Devenish, A., Griffiths, G.H., Robinson, E.J.Z., Adolph, B., Franks, P., Gebrehiwot, T., Mwitwa, J., Seddon, N., Tobias, J.A., Newbold, T., et al. (2026)
People and Nature. First published 15 June 2026, doi:10.1002/pan3.70372

2025

The 2025 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change 
Romanello M, […], C Dalin et al. (2025)
The Lancetdoi:10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01919-1

The 2025 Lancet Countdown Latin America report: moving from promises to equitable climate action for a prosperous future 
Hartinger S M, […], C Dalin et al. (2025)
The Lancetdoi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101276

Biodiversity pressure from fruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom, India and South Africa varies by product and growing location 
Chapman, A.S.A., Green, R., Hadida, G. and C Dalin (2025)
Nat Food 6, 892–905, doi:10.1038/s43016-025-01222-y

The multi-dimensional environmental impact of global crop commodities
Jwaideh M and C Dalin (2025)
Nature Sustainabilitydoi:10.1038/s41893-025-01528-6

2024

The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action
Romanello M., […], C Dalin et al. (2024)
The LancetDOI

Impacts of global food supply on biodiversity via land use and climate change
Boakes EH, C Dalin, A Etard, T Newbold (2024)
Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49999-z

2023

International food trade contributes to dietary risks and mortality at global, regional and national levels
Springmann M, H Kennard, C Dalin, F Freund (2023)
Nature Food, doi:10.1038/s43016-023-00852-4

PREPRINTS

How far are global croplands from environmental sustainability?
Guilbert, M., Ceaușu, S., Hou, S., Zhao, X., Cao, P., Bilotto, F., Gonzalez Fischer, C., Herrero, M., & Dalin, C.
Nature Sustainability (preprint).
Research Square link

Agri-food corporations’ role in water sustainability and water resilience of global supply chains
Dalin C., Kyle Frankel Davis, Elena DePetrillo, Paolo D’Odorico, Felice Diekel, Rick J Hogeboom, Megan Konar, M Cristina Rulli, Marta Tuninetti, Landon Marston
EarthArXiv link

Global trade and the resilience of food supply to extreme weather exposure
Bebber DP, C Dalin, EW Littleton, P Falloon, AJ Challinor, S McCorriston, T Lloyd, M Zampieri
EarthArXiv link